What is specific Heat?
The specific heat of a solid or liquid is defined as the amount of heat per unit mass required to a one-degree Celsius temperature rise. for small quantities, we have
where
- m : mass of the substance
- c : Specific Heat
- dT : Change of temperature in degree Celcius
Specific heats for gases
For the gases, There are two kinds of specific heats are defined i.e.
Specific heat at constant pressure :
Specific Heat at constant volume :
So, we have
for reversible non flow process at constant pressure.
and
for reversible non flow process at constant volume.
The value of and
is constant for a perfect gas at all pressure and temperature.
so, integrating equations and
, we have
flow of heat in a reversible constant pressure process:
flow of heat in a reversible constant volume process:
“In case of real gases, and
vary with temperature.”
The ratio of Specific Heats
The ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume is represented by symbol “γ”( Gamma).
So
Since, , it is clear that
must be greater than
for any perfect gas. So the ratio
is always greater than 1.
The relationship between two specific Heats
Let us consider a perfect gas being heated at constant pressure from to
.
According to the closed system or non-flow equation,
Also, for a perfect gas,
…..(1)
In a constant pressure process, the work-done by the fluid,
Since, from the perfect gas equation , so
and
and
in this case.
So, From equation (1), We have
…..(a)
But for a constant pressure process,
……(b)
By comparing equations (a) and (b), we have
or ….(2)
Dividing by c_v on both sides
Similarly, dividing both sides by , we get
What is Joule’s Law?
Joule’s Law: “The internal energy of the perfect gas is a function of the absolute temperature only.”
i.e.
Let 1 kg of a perfect gas be heated at constant volume, according to the non-flow energy equation
since volume is constant i.e. work-done dW = 0
At constant volume for 1 kg of perfect gas, we have
After integrating
where, K = constant
According to joule’s law that mean internal energy varies linearly with absolute temperature. Internal energy can be made zero at any similar reference temperature. It may be assume that u =0 when T = 0 for a perfect gas so constant K is zero.
i.e., Internal Energy, for a perfect gas
or Internal Energy
for a perfect gas, in any process between state 1 to state 2, we have from equation
Gain in internal energy,
So the gain of internal energy for a perfect gas between two states for any process, Reversible or irreversible.
What is Enthalpy?
“One of the fundamental quantities which occur invariably in thermodynamics is the sum of internal energy (u) and pressure-volume product (p.v). This sum is called Enthalpy.” Enthalpy is denoted by “h”.
i.e.
The enthalpy of a fluid is the property of the fluid since it consists of the sum of property and the product of two properties. Since enthalpy is a property like internal energy, pressure, specific volume and temperature, it can be introduced into any problem whether the process is a flow or a non-flow process.
The total enthalpy of mass, m, of a fluid can be
where
H = m.h
For a perfect gas:
Since
Since
i.e.
it is assumed that u = 0 at T = 0 then h = 0 at T = 0.